Understanding Stages of Development
Life is a journey filled with growth, change, and self-discovery. One of the most helpful ways to understand this journey comes from psychologist Erik Erikson, who described eight stages of psychosocial development, from infancy to late adulthood.
Each stage brings its own challenges and opportunities for growth. When we understand where we are (and where we’ve been), it can help us make sense of our experiences, relationships, and the person we’re becoming.
Let’s walk through each stage together :
1. Infancy (Birth – 18 months): Trust vs. Mistrust
In this first stage, babies learn whether the world is a safe place. When caregivers are loving and responsive, trust begins to grow.
Key question: “Can I trust the world around me?”
2. Early Childhood (2 – 3 years): Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
Toddlers start exploring independence — wanting to do things by themselves! Supportive encouragement helps them develop confidence, while too much control can lead to self-doubt.
Key question: “Can I do things on my own?”
3. Preschool (3 – 5 years): Initiative vs. Guilt
At this age, children begin to dream, imagine, and take initiative in play and learning. When their curiosity is supported, they feel capable and creative.
Key question: “Is it okay for me to try new things?”
4. School Age (6 – 12 years): Industry vs. Inferiority
Children learn the joy of accomplishment — in school, sports, and friendships. Encouragement builds a sense of competence; criticism can create feelings of inadequacy.
Key question: “Can I make it in the world of people and things?”
5. Adolescence (12 – 18 years): Identity vs. Role Confusion
Teens explore who they are and who they want to become. Support during this stage helps them develop a strong sense of self.
Key question: “Who am I, and where am I going?”
6. Young Adulthood (19 – 40 years): Intimacy vs. Isolation
As adults, we seek close, meaningful relationships. It’s about learning to share ourselves while maintaining our own identity.
Key question: “Can I love and be loved?”
7. Middle Adulthood (40 – 65 years): Generativity vs. Stagnation
This is often a time of giving back — through family, work, or community. We want to make a difference and feel that our lives matter.
Key question: “How can I contribute to the world?”
8. Late Adulthood (65+ years): Integrity vs. Despair
In later life, we look back and reflect on our journey. Finding peace and meaning in our story brings a sense of fulfillment.
Key question: “Have I lived a meaningful life?”
Bringing It All Together
Erikson’s stages remind us that every stage of life has value and purpose. Even when challenges arise, they offer chances to grow, heal, and reconnect with ourselves.
No matter where you are in your life journey, it’s never too late to nurture trust, find purpose, or rediscover who you are.
If you’d like to explore these stages and how they relate to your own story, counselling can be a supportive space to do just that — with compassion, curiosity, and care.
